Ekuhlolweni kwansuku zonke, ngaphezu kwemingcele yokunemba kwemishini ngokwayo, wake wacabanga yini ngomthelela wokulinganiswa kosayizi wesampula emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa? Lesi sihloko sizohlanganisa amazinga namacala athile ukuze sinikeze iziphakamiso ezithile ngokulinganiswa kosayizi kwezinye izinto ezivamile.
1. Iphutha ekulinganisweni kosayizi wesampula lithinta kangakanani imiphumela yokuhlolwa?
Okokuqala, likhulu kangakanani iphutha elihlobene elibangelwe yiphutha. Isibonelo, ngephutha elifanayo elingu-0.1mm, ngobukhulu obungu-10mm, iphutha lingu-1%, kanti ngobukhulu obungu-1mm, iphutha lingu-10%;
Okwesibili, usayizi unethonya elingakanani emphumeleni. Kwifomula yokubala amandla okugoba, ububanzi bunomphumela we-oda lokuqala emphumeleni, kuyilapho ubukhulu bunomphumela we-oda lesibili emphumeleni. Uma iphutha elihlobene lifana, ubukhulu bunomthelela omkhulu emphumeleni.
Isibonelo, ububanzi obujwayelekile kanye nobukhulu besampula yokuhlola ukugoba buyi-10mm kanye ne-4mm ngokulandelana, kanti i-modulus yokugoba ingu-8956MPa. Uma usayizi wesampula wangempela ufakwa, ububanzi kanye nobukhulu buyi-9.90mm kanye ne-3.90mm ngokulandelana, i-modulus yokugoba iba yi-9741MPa, ukwanda cishe ngo-9%.
2. Iyini ukusebenza kwemishini yokulinganisa usayizi wesampula evamile?
Imishini yokulinganisa ubukhulu evame kakhulu njengamanje ikakhulukazi ama-micrometer, ama-caliper, ama-geuge obukhulu, njll.
Ububanzi bama-micrometer ajwayelekile ngokuvamile abudluli ku-30mm, isinqumo singu-1μm, kanti iphutha elikhulu lokubonisa lingaba ngu-±(2~4)μm. Isinqumo sama-micrometer anokunemba okuphezulu singafinyelela ku-0.1μm, kanti iphutha elikhulu lokubonisa lingu-±0.5μm.
I-micrometer inenani lamandla okulinganisa angaguquki akhelwe ngaphakathi, futhi isilinganiso ngasinye singathola umphumela wokulinganisa ngaphansi kwesimo samandla okuxhumana angaguquki, afanelekela ukulinganisa ubukhulu bezinto eziqinile.
Ububanzi bokulinganisa be-caliper evamile ngokuvamile abudluli ku-300mm, ngesisombululo esingu-0.01mm kanye nephutha elikhulu lokubonisa elingaba ngu-±0.02~0.05mm. Amanye ama-caliper amakhulu angafinyelela ububanzi bokulinganisa obungu-1000mm, kodwa iphutha nalo lizokhula.
Inani lamandla okubopha le-caliper lincike ekusebenzeni komqhubi. Imiphumela yokulinganisa yomuntu ofanayo ivame ukuqina, futhi kuzoba nomehluko othile phakathi kwemiphumela yokulinganisa yabantu abahlukene. Ifanelekela ukulinganisa ubukhulu bezinto eziqinile kanye nokulinganisa ubukhulu bezinto ezithile ezithambile ezinkulu.
Ukuhamba, ukunemba, kanye nokuxazululwa kwegeyiji yobukhulu ngokuvamile kufana nokwe-micrometer. Lawa madivayisi ahlinzeka futhi ngengcindezi engaguquki, kodwa ingcindezi ingalungiswa ngokushintsha umthwalo ongaphezulu. Ngokuvamile, lawa madivayisi afanelekela ukulinganisa izinto ezithambile.
3. Ungayikhetha kanjani imishini yokulinganisa usayizi wesampula efanele?
Isihluthulelo sokukhetha imishini yokulinganisa ubukhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlola emele futhi ephindaphindwayo ingatholakala. Into yokuqala okudingeka siyicabangele yimingcele eyisisekelo: ububanzi nokunemba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini yokulinganisa ubukhulu esetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-micrometer kanye nama-caliper iyimishini yokulinganisa ukuxhumana. Kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile noma amasampula athambile, kufanele futhi sicabangele ithonya lesimo se-probe kanye namandla okuxhumana. Eqinisweni, amazinga amaningi abeke phambili izidingo ezihambisanayo zemishini yokulinganisa ubukhulu: I-ISO 16012:2015 ibeka ukuthi kuma-spline abunjiwe ngomjovo, ama-micrometer noma ama-gauge obukhulu be-micrometer angasetshenziswa ukukala ububanzi nobukhulu bezibonelo ezibunjiwe ngomjovo; kuma-specimens akhiwe ngomshini, ama-caliper kanye nemishini yokulinganisa engathintani nayo ingasetshenziswa. Ngemiphumela yokulinganisa ubukhulu be-<10mm, ukunemba kumele kube ngaphakathi kwe-±0.02mm, futhi ngemiphumela yokulinganisa ubukhulu be-≥10mm, isidingo sokunemba singu-±0.1mm. I-GB/T 6342 ibeka indlela yokulinganisa ubukhulu bepulasitiki ye-foam kanye nerabha. Kwamanye amasampula, ama-micrometer nama-caliper avunyelwe, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwama-micrometer nama-caliper kunqunyelwe ngokuqinile ukugwema ukuthi isampula ibhekane namandla amakhulu, okuholela emiphumeleni yokulinganisa enganembile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumasampula anobukhulu obungaphansi kuka-10mm, indinganiso iphinde income ukusetshenziswa kwe-micrometer, kodwa inezidingo eziqinile zokucindezeleka kokuxhumana, okungu-100±10Pa.
I-GB/T 2941 icacisa indlela yokulinganisa ubukhulu bamasampula erabha. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kumasampula anobukhulu obungaphansi kwama-30mm, indinganiso icacisa ukuthi ukuma kweprobe kuyinyawo eliyindilinga eliyindilinga elinobubanzi obungu-2mm ~ 10mm. Kumasampula anobunzima obungu-≥35 IRHD, umthwalo osetshenzisiwe ungama-22±5kPa, kanti kumasampula anobunzima obungaphansi kwama-35 IRHD, umthwalo osetshenzisiwe ungama-10±2kPa.
4. Yimiphi imishini yokulinganisa enganconywa kwezinye izinto ezivamile?
A. Kumasampula epulasitiki athambile, kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-micrometer ukukala ububanzi nobukhulu;
B. Kumasampula omthelela onamachashazi, i-micrometer noma igeyiji yobukhulu enesisombululo esingu-1μm ingasetshenziswa ukukala, kodwa irediyasi ye-arc phansi kweprobe akufanele idlule u-0.10mm;
C. Kumasampula efilimu, kunconywa igeyiji yobukhulu enesisombululo esingcono kune-1μm ukuze kulinganiswe ubukhulu;
D. Kumasampula okunamathela enjoloba, kunconywa igeyiji yokujiya ukuze kulinganiswe ukujiya, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe indawo yeprobe kanye nomthwalo;
E. Ukuze uthole izinto ze-foam ezincane, kunconywa igeyiji yobukhulu obukhethekile ukuze kulinganiswe ubukhulu.
5. Ngaphezu kokukhetha imishini, yiziphi ezinye izinto okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kulinganiswa ubukhulu?
Indawo yokulinganisa yezinye izibonelo kufanele ibhekwe njengemele ubukhulu bangempela besampula.
Isibonelo, kuma-spline agobile afakwe umjovo, kuzoba ne-engeli yokudrafta engengaphezu kuka-1° ohlangothini lwe-spline, ngakho-ke iphutha phakathi kwamanani obubanzi obukhulu nobuncane lingafinyelela ku-0.14mm.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula abunjwe ngomjovo azoba nokuncipha kokushisa, futhi kuzoba nomehluko omkhulu phakathi kokulinganisa phakathi nasemaphethelweni esampula, ngakho-ke amazinga afanele azocacisa nendawo yokulinganisa. Isibonelo, i-ISO 178 idinga ukuthi indawo yokulinganisa yobubanzi besampula ibe ngu-±0.5mm ukusuka emugqeni ophakathi wobukhulu, kanye nendawo yokulinganisa ubukhulu ibe ngu-±3.25mm ukusuka emugqeni ophakathi wobubanzi.
Ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bulinganiswa kahle, kufanele futhi kuthathwe ukunakekelwa ukuze kuvinjelwe amaphutha abangelwa amaphutha okufakwa ngabantu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Okthoba-25-2024