Amakuru

Mu isuzuma rya buri munsi, uretse ibipimo by'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho ubwabyo, ese wigeze utekereza ku ngaruka zo gupima ingano y'icyitegererezo ku bisubizo by'ibizamini? Iyi nkuru izahuza ibipimo ngenderwaho n'ibintu byihariye kugira ngo itange ibitekerezo ku gupima ingano y'ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bisanzwe.

1. Ikosa ryo gupima ingano y'icyitegererezo rigira ingaruka zingana iki ku bisubizo by'ibizamini?

Ubwa mbere, ikosa riterwa n’ikosa ringana iki. Urugero, ku ikosa rimwe rya 0.1mm, ku ngano ya 10mm, ikosa ni 1%, naho ku ngano ya 1mm, ikosa ni 10%;

Icya kabiri, ni ingaruka zingana iki ku bisubizo. Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo kubara imbaraga zo guhindagurika, ubugari bugira ingaruka ku gisubizo cya mbere, mu gihe ubunini bugira ingaruka ku gisubizo cya kabiri. Iyo ikosa ringana, ubunini bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bisubizo.
Urugero, ubugari n'ubugari busanzwe bw'ikizamini cyo gupima ni 10mm na 4mm uko bikurikirana, naho modulus yo gupima ni 8956MPa. Iyo ingano nyayo y'icyitegererezo yinjijwemo, ubugari n'ubugari ni 9.90mm na 3.90mm uko bikurikirana, modulus yo gupima iba 9741MPa, ubwiyongere bwa hafi 9%.

2. Ni iyihe mikorere y'ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gupima ingano y'ibipimo?

Ibikoresho bipima ingano bikunze gukoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe ni mikorometero, calipers, ingano z'ubugari, n'ibindi.

Ubusanzwe, urugero rwa mikorometero zisanzwe ntirurenga mm 30, ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza ni 1μm, kandi ikosa ntarengwa ryo kwerekana ni hafi ± (2 ~ 4)μm. Ubushobozi bwo kwerekana mikorometero zifite ubuhanga buhanitse bushobora kugera kuri 0.1μm, naho ikosa ntarengwa ryo kwerekana ni ± 0.5μm.

Mikorometero ifite agaciro k’imbaraga zo gupima zihoraho, kandi buri gipimo gishobora kubona umusaruro w’igipimo hakurikijwe imbaraga zo gupima zihoraho, zikwiriye gupima ingano y’ibikoresho bikomeye.

Ingano yo gupima ya caliper isanzwe muri rusange ntabwo irenga mm 300, ifite ubushobozi bwo gupima bwa mm 0.01 n'ikosa ntarengwa ryo kwerekana rya mm ± 0.02 ~ 0.05. Hari caliper nini zishobora kugera ku rugero rwo gupima rwa mm 1000, ariko ikosa naryo riziyongera.

Agaciro k'imbaraga zo gufunga k'icyuma gipima kariferi gaterwa n'imikorere y'umukoresha. Ibisubizo byo gupima by'umuntu umwe muri rusange ntibihinduka, kandi hazabaho itandukaniro rigaragara hagati y'ibipimo by'abantu batandukanye. Birakwiriye gupima ibikoresho bikomeye n'ibipimo bimwe na bimwe by'ibikoresho binini byoroshye.

Ingendo, ubuziranenge, n'uburyo igipimo cy'ubugari gipimwa muri rusange bisa n'ibya mikorometero. Ibi bikoresho kandi bitanga umuvuduko uhoraho, ariko umuvuduko ushobora guhindurwa uhinduye umutwaro uri hejuru. Muri rusange, ibi bikoresho birakwiriye gupima ibikoresho byoroshye.

3. Ni gute wahitamo ibikoresho byo gupima ingano y'ibipimo bikwiye?

Ingingo y'ingenzi yo guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupima ingano ni ukumenya neza ko ibisubizo by'ibizamini bigaragara kandi bishobora gusubiramo. Ikintu cya mbere tugomba gusuzuma ni ibipimo by'ibanze: uburebure n'ubuziranenge. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu gupima ingano nka mikorometero na caliper ni ibikoresho byo gupima ingano. Ku miterere yihariye cyangwa ingero zoroshye, tugomba no gusuzuma ingaruka z'imiterere y'icyuma n'imbaraga zo gukoraho. Mu by'ukuri, amahame menshi yashyizeho ibisabwa bijyanye n'ibikoresho byo gupima ingano: ISO 16012:2015 ivuga ko ku bikoresho bikozwe mu injection, mikorometero cyangwa ibipimo by'ubugari bwa mikorometero bishobora gukoreshwa mu gupima ubugari n'ubunini bw'ibipimo bikozwe mu injection; ku bikoresho byakozwe mu mashini, caliper n'ibikoresho byo gupima bidahuye nabyo bishobora gukoreshwa. Ku bipimo by'ingano <10mm, ubuziranenge bugomba kuba hagati ya ±0.02mm, naho ku bipimo by'ingano bya ≥10mm, ubuziranenge busabwa ni ±0.1mm. GB/T 6342 ivuga uburyo bwo gupima ingano bwa plastiki na rubber. Ku ngero zimwe na zimwe, mikorometero na caliper birabujijwe, ariko ikoreshwa rya mikorometero na caliper riteganywa cyane kugira ngo hirindwe ko icyitegererezo gishyirwamo imbaraga nyinshi, bigatuma haboneka ibisubizo bitari byo ku gipimo. Byongeye kandi, ku ngero zifite ubugari buri munsi ya mm 10, ubuziranenge bunasaba ikoreshwa rya mikorometero, ariko ifite ibisabwa bikomeye kugira ngo ikoreshwe, ari byo 100±10Pa.

GB/T 2941 igaragaza uburyo bwo gupima ingano y'ibipimo bya rubber. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ku bipimo bifite ubugari buri munsi ya mm 30, ibipimo bigenwa bivuga ko imiterere y'icyuma gipima ari ikirenge gifite umuvuduko ugororotse gifite umurambararo wa mm 2 ~ 10. Ku bipimo bifite ubukana bwa ≥35 IRHD, umutwaro ukoreshwa ni 22±5kPa, naho ku bipimo bifite ubukana buri munsi ya 35 IRHD, umutwaro ukoreshwa ni 10±2kPa.

4. Ni ibihe bikoresho byo gupimisha bishobora gutangwa ku bikoresho bimwe na bimwe bisanzwe?

A. Ku bipimo bya pulasitiki bikozwe mu buryo bwa tensile, ni byiza gukoresha mikorometero kugira ngo upime ubugari n'ubugari;

B. Ku bipimo by'ingaruka zangiritse, mikorometero cyangwa igipimo cy'ubugari gifite ubushobozi bwa 1μm gishobora gukoreshwa mu gupima, ariko uburebure bw'umurambararo uri hasi y'icyuma cyo gupima ntibugomba kurenza 0.10mm;

C. Ku bipimo bya firime, icyuma gipima ubunini gifite ubushobozi bwo gupima burenga 1μm ni cyo gisabwa kugira ngo gipime ubunini;

D. Ku bipimo byo gukurura bya rubber, ni byiza gupima ubunini bw'ibipimo, ariko hakwiye kwitabwaho agace k'icyuma gipima n'umutwaro wacyo;

E. Ku bikoresho byoroheje bya foam, hasabwa gupima ubunini bwabigenewe kugira ngo hapimwe ubunini.

5. Uretse guhitamo ibikoresho, ni ibihe bindi bintu bigomba kwitabwaho mu gupima ingano?

Aho ibipimo bimwe na bimwe bipimirwa hagomba gufatwa nk'aho ari ingano nyayo y'ibipimo.

Urugero, ku migozi ikoze mu buryo bwa injection, hazaba hari inguni itarenze 1° ku ruhande rw'imigozi, bityo ikosa riri hagati y'ubugari ntarengwa n'ubugari buke rishobora kugera kuri 0.14mm.

Byongeye kandi, ingero zikozwe mu inshinge zizagira ubushyuhe bugabanuka, kandi hazabaho itandukaniro rinini hagati yo gupima hagati no ku nkengero z'ingero, bityo amahame ajyanye nayo azagaragaza aho gupimira. Urugero, ISO 178 isaba ko aho gupimira ubugari bw'ingero ari ± 0.5mm uvuye ku murongo wo hagati w'ubunini, naho aho gupimira ubunini ni ± 3.25mm uvuye ku murongo wo hagati w'ubugari.

Uretse kugenzura ko ibipimo bipimwe neza, hakwiye kandi kwitabwaho kugira ngo hirindwe amakosa aterwa n'amakosa y'abantu.