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Uvavanyo Lokuthembeka Kwendalo—Ukubola Kobushushu Kwegumbi Lovavanyo Lobushushu Eliphezulu Neliphantsi

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zovavanyo lokuthembeka kokusingqongileyo, kubandakanya uvavanyo lobushushu obuphezulu, uvavanyo lobushushu obuphantsi, uvavanyo olumanzi nolutshintshanayo lobushushu, uvavanyo lomjikelo odibeneyo wobushushu nomswakama, uvavanyo lobushushu obungaguqukiyo nobushushu, uvavanyo lokutshintsha kobushushu ngokukhawuleza, kunye novavanyo lomothuko lobushushu. Okulandelayo, siza kuchaza imisebenzi yovavanyo nganye nganye kuwe.

1 “Uvavanyo lobushushu obuphezulu: Luvavanyo lokuthembeka olulinganisa ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu bemveliso ngexesha lokugcina, ukuhlanganisa nokusetyenziswa. Uvavanyo lobushushu obuphezulu lukwaluvavanyo lobomi obukhawulezileyo bexesha elide. Injongo yovavanyo lobushushu obuphezulu kukufumanisa ukulungelelaniswa nokuqina kokugcinwa, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokuqina kwezixhobo zomkhosi nezaseburhulumenteni kunye neenxalenye ezigcinwe kwaye zisetyenzwa phantsi kweemeko zobushushu eziqhelekileyo. Qinisekisa ukusebenza kwezinto kubushushu obuphezulu. Ububanzi benjongo ephambili buquka iimveliso zombane neze-elektroniki, kunye nezixhobo zazo zokuqala, kunye nezinye izinto. Ubunzima bovavanyo buxhomekeke kubushushu bobushushu obuphezulu nobuphantsi kunye nexesha lovavanyo oluqhubekayo. Ubushushu obuphezulu nobuphantsi bunokubangela ukuba imveliso ishushu kakhulu, ichaphazele ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka kokusetyenziswa, okanye kwanomonakalo;

Uvavanyo lobushushu obuphantsi obuyi-2″: Injongo kukujonga ukuba isiqwenga sovavanyo singagcinwa kwaye silawulwe kwindawo eshushu ixesha elide, kunye nokuchonga ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqina kwezixhobo zomkhosi nezaseburhulumenteni ezigcinwe kwaye zisebenza phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphantsi. Iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali zezinto ezikwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi. Umgangatho uneenkcukacha zokucubungula ngaphambi kovavanyo, uvavanyo lokuqala lovavanyo, ukufakwa kwesampuli, uvavanyo oluphakathi, ukucubungula emva kovavanyo, isantya sokufudumeza, iimeko zomthwalo wekhabhathi yobushushu, kunye nomlinganiselo womthamo wento yovavanyo kwikhabhathi yobushushu, njl.njl., kunye nokungaphumeleli kwesiqwenga sovavanyo phantsi kweemeko zobushushu obuphantsi. Indlela: Iindawo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso zinokuqhekeka, ziqhekeke, zinamathele kwindawo eshukumayo, kwaye zitshintshwe kwiimpawu kubushushu obuphantsi;

3, Uvavanyo lokutshintshana kobushushu obumanzi: kuquka uvavanyo oluhlala lumanzi nobushushu obumanzi kunye novavanyo olutshintshana kobushushu obumanzi. Uvavanyo lobushushu obumanzi obumanzi obutshintshana kubushushu obuphezulu nobuphantsi luvavanyo oluyimfuneko kwicandelo leenqwelo-moya, iimoto, izixhobo zasekhaya, uphando lwesayensi, njl. Isetyenziselwa ukuvavanya nokumisela imeko-bume yobushushu obuphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi, ubushushu obutshintshanayo, kunye novavanyo lobushushu okanye oluhlala luhleli lweemveliso kunye nezixhobo zombane, ze-elektroniki, kunye nezinye. Iiparameters kunye nokusebenza okutshintshileyo. Umzekelo, umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku, umswakama owahlukileyo kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo, kunye neemveliso ezidlula kwiindawo ezinamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye nomswakama ngexesha lokuthuthwa. Le meko-bume yobushushu obutshintshanayo kunye nomswakama iya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kunye nobomi bemveliso, kwaye ikhawulezise ukuguga kwemveliso. Ukuba ikule ndawo ixesha elide, imveliso kufuneka ibe nokumelana okwaneleyo nobushushu obutshintshanayo kunye nomswakama;

4 “Uvavanyo lomjikelo odibeneyo wobushushu kunye nomswakama: Veza isampuli kwindawo yovavanyo yobushushu kunye nomswakama emiselweyo ukuze kuvavanywe iimpawu zokusebenza kwesampuli emva kokujikeleza okanye ukugcina kwindawo yobushushu kunye nomswakama. Indawo yokugcina kunye nendawo yokusebenza yemveliso inobushushu kunye nomswakama othile, kwaye itshintsha rhoqo. Umzekelo, umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku, umswakama owahlukileyo kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo, kunye neemveliso ezidlula kwiindawo ezinamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo kunye nomswakama ngexesha lokuthuthwa. Le ndawo yobushushu kunye nomswakama otshintshanayo iya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kunye nobomi bemveliso, kwaye ikhawulezise ukuguga kwemveliso. Umjikelo wobushushu kunye nomswakama ulinganisa indawo yobushushu kunye nomswakama yokugcina kunye nomsebenzi wemveliso, kwaye ujonga ukuba impembelelo yemveliso emva kwexesha elithile kule ndawo ingaphakathi koluhlu olwamkelekileyo. Ngokuyintloko kwizixhobo zezixhobo kunye neemitha, ubunjineli bombane, iimveliso ze-elektroniki, izixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zeemoto kunye neebhayisekile, iingubo zeekhemikhali, iimveliso zeenqwelo moya, kunye nezinye iindawo zemveliso ezinxulumene noko;

Uvavanyo lobushushu nokufuma oluhlala luhleli lwe-5″: izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwezixhobo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zivavanye izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukumelana nobushushu, ukumelana nokubanda, ukumelana nokomisa, kunye nokumelana nokufuma. Ifanelekile ukuvavanya umgangatho weemveliso ezifana ne-elektroniki, izixhobo zombane, iifowuni eziphathwayo, unxibelelwano, iimitha, izithuthi, iimveliso zeplastiki, iintsimbi, ukutya, iikhemikhali, izixhobo zokwakha, unyango, i-aerospace, njl. Ingalinganisa ubushushu obuphezulu, ubushushu obuphantsi, kunye nendawo efumileyo ukuvavanya ubushushu bemveliso yovavanyo kwindawo ethile kunye novavanyo lokufuma. Uvavanyo lobushushu nokufuma oluhlala luhleli lunokuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso evavanyiweyo iphantsi kwendawo efanayo yobushushu nokufuma;

6 “Uvavanyo lokutshintsha ubushushu ngokukhawuleza: lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ze-elektroniki nezombane, zezithuthi, zonyango, zezixhobo, ze-petrochemical nakwezinye iindawo, oomatshini abapheleleyo, izinto, ukupakishwa, izixhobo, ukuvavanya ukugcinwa okanye ukulungelelaniswa komsebenzi kweemveliso phantsi kotshintsho lobushushu. Injongo yovavanyo lokufaneleka kukujonga ukuba imveliso iyahlangabezana na neemfuno zemigangatho efanelekileyo; uvavanyo lokuphucula lusetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvavanya ukuqina kunye nokuguquguquka kokuthembeka kwemveliso phantsi kweemeko zotshintsho lobushushu, kwaye uvavanyo lokutshintsha ubushushu ngokukhawuleza lusetyenziselwa ukumisela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwemveliso kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu naphantsi Ukulungelelaniswa kokugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwindawo eyahlukileyo yemozulu. Inkqubo yovavanyo ngokubanzi ithatha ubushushu begumbi → ubushushu obuphantsi → ubushushu obuphantsi buhlala → ubushushu obuphezulu → ubushushu obuphezulu buhlala → ubushushu obuqhelekileyo njengomjikelo wovavanyo. Qinisekisa iimpawu zokusebenza zesampulu emva kotshintsho lobushushu okanye imeko yotshintsho lobushushu oluqhubekayo, okanye ukusebenza okusebenzayo kule ndawo. Uvavanyo lokutshintsha ubushushu ngokukhawuleza luhlala luchazwa njengesantya sokutshintsha ubushushu ≥ 3℃/min, kwaye utshintsho lwenziwa phakathi kobushushu obuphezulu obuthile kunye nobushushu obuphantsi. Okukhona izinga lokutshintsha ubushushu likhawuleza, kokukhona uluhlu lobushushu oluphezulu/oluphantsi lukhula, kwaye ixesha elide ixesha, kokukhona uvavanyo luqina ngakumbi. Uxinzelelo lobushushu ludla ngokuchaphazela iindawo ezikufutshane nomphezulu wangaphandle wesixhobo kakhulu. Okukhona sikude nomphezulu wangaphandle, kokukhona utshintsho lobushushu lucotha kwaye isiphumo asibonakali kangako. Iibhokisi zothutho, ukupakishwa, njl.njl. nazo ziya kunciphisa impembelelo yoxinzelelo lobushushu kwizixhobo ezivaliweyo. Utshintsho lobushushu olukhawulezileyo lunokuchaphazela okwethutyana okanye ixesha elide ukusebenza kwesixhobo;

7“Uvavanyo lokukhwankqisa okubandayo nokushushu: ikakhulu kwiimveliso ze-elektroniki, iindawo zoomatshini, kunye neenxalenye zeemoto. Uvavanyo lokukhwankqisa okushushu luqinisekisa kakhulu iimeko zokusetyenziswa kunye nokugcinwa kweesampuli phantsi kotshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiimeko zobushushu obuphezulu nobuphantsi. Luvavanyo lovavanyo kunye novavanyo lokuvunywa kokugqitywa koyilo lwezixhobo. Uvavanyo oluyimfuneko kuvavanyo oluqhelekileyo kwinqanaba lemveliso, kwezinye iimeko lungasetyenziselwa uvavanyo lokuvavanya uxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo, oko kukuthi uvavanyo lwempembelelo yobushushu obuphezulu nobuphantsi, oluveza isampuli yovavanyo kwindawo etshintshanayo eqhubekayo yobushushu obuphezulu nobushushu obuphantsi ukuze ifikelele kwixesha elifutshane. Ukufumana utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lobushushu ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuvavanya ukulungelelaniswa kweemveliso notshintsho olukhawulezileyo kubushushu obuphakathi luvavanyo oluyimfuneko kuvavanyo lovavanyo lokugqitywa koyilo lwezixhobo kunye novavanyo oluqhelekileyo kwinqanaba lemveliso yebhetshi. Kwezinye iimeko, ingasetyenziselwa noxinzelelo lokusingqongileyo. Uvavanyo lokuhlola. Kunokuthiwa ukuphindaphindeka kokusetyenziswa kwegumbi lovavanyo lokukhwankqisa okushushu ekuqinisekiseni nasekuphuculeni ukulungelelaniswa kwendalo kwezixhobo kukwindawo yesibini emva kokungcangcazela kunye novavanyo lobushushu obuphezulu nobushushu obuphantsi.