Iindaba

Kwihlabathi lovavanyo lwezinto, ingakumbi iipeyinti kunye neengubo, ukuqonda ukumelana nokugruzuka kubalulekile. Kulapho oomatshini bokuvavanya ukugruzuka (abakwaziwa ngokuba ngoomatshini bokuvavanya ukunxiba okanyeumatshini wokuvavanya okrwada) zingena. Ezi matshini zenzelwe ukuvavanya amandla ezinto zokumelana nokungqubana nokuguguleka, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zihlala ixesha elide.

I-ASTM (i-American Society for Testing and Materials) iphuhlise imigangatho eliqela yokukhokela uvavanyo lokukrala. Imigangatho emibini ephawulekayo yi-ASTM D2486 kunye ne-ASTM D3450, ezigxila kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo lokukrala.

Imigangatho ye-ASTM enokuthi isetyenziswe kakhulu kuvavanyo lwakho lokukrala ibandakanya:

I-ASTM D2486– Lo ngumgangatho wovavanyo lokulinganisa ukumelana kweepeyinti nokukhukuliseka okubangelwa kukukhuhla.

I-ASTM D3450– Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuvavanya iimpawu zokuhlanjwa kweengubo zangaphakathi.

I-ASTM D4213– Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuvavanya ukumelana nokukhuhla kwepeyinti ngokunciphisa ubunzima bokukhuhla.

I-ASTM D4828– Le yindlela yovavanyo eqhelekileyo yokuhlanjwa okusebenzayo kweengubo zendalo.

I-ASTM F1319– Le yindlela yovavanyo eqhelekileyo echaza inkqubo yokumisela ubungakanani bomfanekiso odluliselwe kumphezulu welaphu elimhlophe ngokuhlikihla.

I-ASTM D2486 ngumgangatho owenzelwe ngokukodwa ukulinganisa ukumelana kweengubo zokugquma ukugqwala. Olu vavanyo lubaluleke kakhulu kubavelisi bokupenda nokugquma kuba lulinganisa ukuguguleka okwenzekayo kwiindawo zokwenyani. Olu vavanyo lubandakanya ukufaka umphezulu ogqunyiweyo kwisenzo sokukhuhla (ngesiqhelo ngezinto ezithile ezirhabaxa) ukuze kuchongwe amandla engubo okuxhathisa umonakalo. Iziphumo zibonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo malunga nokuqina kwengubo, zinceda abavelisi baphucule iindlela zokwenziwa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zabo ziyahlangabezana nolindelo lwabathengi.

Kwelinye icala, i-ASTM D3450 ijongana nokuhlanjwa kweengubo zangaphakathi. Lo mgangatho ubalulekile ekuvavanyeni ukuba kulula kangakanani ukucocwa komphezulu ngaphandle kokonakalisa ingubo. Uvavanyo lubandakanya ukusebenzisa isisombululo esithile sokucoca kunye nokukhuhla umphezulu ukuze kuvavanywe ukumelana kwengubo ekukrweleni kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukugcina inkangeleko yayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwiingubo ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi okanye kwiindawo ezifuna ukucocwa rhoqo, njengeekhitshi kunye nezindlu zangasese.

Zombini i-ASTM D2486 kunye ne-ASTM D3450 zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa isixhobo sokuvavanya ukurhawuzelelwa ukuze kwenziwe olu vavanyo ngokuchanekileyo. Ezi matshini zixhotyiswe ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo zokulawula iimeko zovavanyo, ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithembekileyo neziphindaphindwayo. Ngokusebenzisa isixhoboumatshini wokuvavanya okrwada, abavelisi banokufumana ukuqonda okunzulu ngokusebenza kweemveliso zabo baze benze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokulungiswa kwefomyula okanye ukuphuculwa kwemveliso.

Ukongeza kule migangatho ye-ASTM, ukusetyenziswa kwezivavanyi zokurhawuzelela akupheleli nje kwiipeyinti kunye neengubo zokugquma. Amashishini afana neemoto, i-aerospace, kunye nokwakha nawo axhomekeke kuvavanyo lokurhawuzelela ukuvavanya ukuqina kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwiimveliso zawo. Umzekelo, ezi matshini zingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweengubo zokukhusela kwizithuthi okanye ukumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto zomgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yoshishino kunye neemfuno zabathengi.

I-ASTMimigangatho yovavanyo lokukrala, ngakumbi i-ASTM D2486 kunye ne-ASTM D3450, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuvavanyeni ukuqina kweepeyinti kunye neengubo. Ukusebenzisa umatshini wokuvavanya ukukrazula kubalulekile ekwenzeni olu vavanyo ngokufanelekileyo, ukubonelela abavelisi ngedatha abayidingayo ukuphucula iimveliso zabo. Njengoko ishishini liqhubeka nokubeka phambili umgangatho kunye nobude bexesha, ukubaluleka kovavanyo lokukrazula kuya kwanda kuphela, okwenza le migangatho kunye noomatshini bokuvavanya babe zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo kwisayensi yezinto kunye nobunjineli.