Amakuru

Mu isi yo gupima ibikoresho, cyane cyane irangi n'imyambaro, gusobanukirwa uburyo bwo kwirinda kwangirika ni ingenzi. Aha niho imashini zipima kwangirika (zizwi kandi nk'imashini zipima kwambara cyangwaimashini ipima ibintu bikaze) zinjira. Izi mashini zagenewe gusuzuma ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho mu kwihanganira kwangirika no kwangirika, ibyo bikaba ari ingenzi mu gutuma ibicuruzwa bitandukanye biramba kandi biramba.

ASTM (Umuryango w’Abanyamerika wita ku bipimo n’ibikoresho) yashyizeho amahame menshi yo kuyobora isuzuma ry’uburibwe. Amahame abiri y’ingenzi ni ASTM D2486 na ASTM D3450, yibanda ku bintu bitandukanye byo gupima uburibwe.

Amabwiriza ya ASTM ashobora gukoreshwa cyane mu isuzuma ryawe ry'uburibwe arimo:

ASTM D2486– Iki ni cyo gipimo ngenderwaho cyo gupima ubushobozi bw'irangi mu guhangana n'isuri iterwa no gukaraba.

ASTM D3450– Ubu ni bwo buryo busanzwe bwo gupima imiterere y’imyambaro yo mu nzu ikoreshwa mu gukaraba.

ASTM D4213– Ubu ni uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima ubushobozi bwo gukaraba amarangi binyuze mu kugabanya ibiro.

ASTM D4828– Ubu ni bwo buryo busanzwe bwo gupima ubushobozi bwo gukaraba irangi ry’umwimerere.

ASTM F1319– Ubu ni uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima busobanura uburyo bwo kumenya ingano y'ishusho yimuwe ku buso bw'igitambaro cyera binyuze mu gukaraba.

ASTM D2486 ni igipimo cyagenewe gupima ubushobozi bw'imyambaro mu gukaraba ingese. Iki kizamini ni ingenzi cyane ku bakora irangi no gusiga kuko kigaragaza uburyo ikoreshwa mu buzima busanzwe rigenda rishira. Iki kizamini gikubiyemo gukaraba ubuso butwikiriwe (ubusanzwe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byabugenewe) kugira ngo hamenyekane ubushobozi bw'imyambaro mu kwirinda kwangirika. Ibisubizo bitanga ubumenyi bw'ingirakamaro ku kuramba kw'imyambaro, bigafasha abakora kunoza imiterere no kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byabo bihuye n'ibyo abaguzi bifuza.

Ku rundi ruhande, ASTM D3450 ireba uburyo irangi ry’imbere mu nyubako rishobora kozwa. Iri hame ni ingenzi mu gusuzuma uburyo ubuso bushobora gusukurwa byoroshye hatabayeho kwangiza irangi. Gupima bikubiyemo gukoresha umuti wihariye wo gusukura no gukaraba ubuso kugira ngo harebwe uburyo irangi ridashobora kwangirika ndetse n’ubushobozi bwaryo bwo kugumana isura nziza uko igihe kigenda gihita. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane ku irangi rikoreshwa ahantu hakunze kugaragara abantu benshi cyangwa ahantu hasaba gusukurwa kenshi, nko mu gikoni no mu bwiherero.

ASTM D2486 na ASTM D3450 byombi bishimangira akamaro ko gukoresha ikizamini cyo gupima uburibwe kugira ngo ukore neza ibi bizamini. Izi mashini zifite ibintu bitandukanye byo kugenzura imiterere y’ibizamini, bitanga ibisubizo byizewe kandi bishobora gusubirwamo. Ukoresheje ikizaminiimashini ipima ibintu bikaze, abakora ibicuruzwa bashobora gusobanukirwa neza imikorere y'ibicuruzwa byabo no gufata ibyemezo bifatika ku bijyanye no guhindura ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa cyangwa kunoza ibicuruzwa.

Uretse aya mahame ya ASTM, ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bipima ubushyuhe ntirigarukira gusa ku marangi n'amabara gusa. Inganda nka za modoka, izo mu kirere, n'ubwubatsi nazo zishingira ku isuzuma ry'ubushyuhe kugira ngo zisuzume uburambe bw'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu bicuruzwa byazo. Urugero, izi mashini zishobora gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma imikorere y'amabara akingira imodoka cyangwa uburyo ibikoresho byo hasi bidashobora kwangirika kugira ngo bigenzure amahame y'inganda n'ibyo abaguzi bakeneye.

ASTMIbipimo ngenderwaho byo gupima uburibwe, cyane cyane ASTM D2486 na ASTM D3450, bigira uruhare runini mu gusuzuma uburambe bw'irangi n'amabara. Gukoresha imashini ipima ubushyuhe ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibi bizamini bikorwe neza, bigaha abakora imashini amakuru bakeneye kugira ngo banoze ibicuruzwa byabo. Uko inganda zikomeza gushyira imbere ireme n'igihe kirekire, akamaro ko gupima ubushyuhe kazakomeza kwiyongera, bigatuma ibi bipimo n'imashini zipima ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu bumenyi bw'ibikoresho n'ubwubatsi.